How Does Light Affect The Rate Of Photosynthesis? :: essays research papers

Biology InvestigationProblem How does light affect the rate of Photosynthesis?The externalizeIn my experiment I am going to see how light affects the rate of photosynthesis. To do this experiment I am going to set up the apparatus as shown in figure 1.The apparatus I am going to use are the following -1 Tripod1 300ml Beaker1 stewing Tube1 Clamp Stand1Clamp 1 Boss 1 Ring Binder1 Lamp1 1 Metre Ruler1 Thermometer1 Stop ClockTo do the experiment I will set up the apparatus first. I will firstly consecrate the tripod on top of the base of the clamp stand and fill the 300ml beaker with 250ml of water to create the water bath. I will place the boss in the middle of the cadence on the clamp stand and place the clamp in the boss. I would then fill the boiling tube 43ml of water, put the pondweed in it and place it in the clamp. I would place the ring binder around the clamp stand surrounding the water base. Finally, I would plug in the lamp and place it 10cm past from the pondweed.I don e a precedent experiment to get an idea how to do the main and proper experiment and what would happen in the experiment. In the preliminary experiment we didn&8217t use the safeguards so it wasn&8217t fair experiment. We did this because it gave us the idea what problems we might face when we did the main experiment and gave us the idea how to do it.The pondweed should create photosynthesis by the following equation -6CO2 + 6H2O6C6H12O6+ 6O2Photosynthesis occurs when plants take in Carbon Dioxide from the surrounding air in its leaves and water from the nearby soil in its roots. The leaves then take light energy from the Sun, which is absorbed in the chlorophyll in the cells and passes it along for it to be used in photosynthesis. Glucose is produced and is converted into Starch to be stored. Oxygen is produced from the water and it is a waste product so it is released into the air. The plant uses Carbon Dioxide and water to create Carbohydrates. Glucose is a small, soluble molecu le which is useless for a plant to use as energy but it converts it into Starch, which is a large and insoluble molecule, so it can be stored for to be converted back into Glucose.I made this experiment as fair as possible.

The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century

The Madwoman in the Attic The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary ImaginationAnd the lady of the house was seen only as she appears in each room, according to the nature of the lord of the room. None saw the whole of her, none but herself. For the light which she was was both her reflect and her body. None could herald the whole of her, none but herself (Laura Riding qtd. by Gilbert & Gubar, 3). Beginning Gibert and Gubars piece about the position of female spellrs during the nineteenth century, this passage conjures up images of women as transient forms, bodiless and indefinite. It seems such a being could never possess enough agency to pick up a pen and write herself into history. Still, this woman, however incomprehensible by others, has the ability to know herself. This chapter of The Madwoman in the Attic The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination, titled The Queens Looking Glass, discusses how the external, and especially male, represe ntations of a woman can affect her so much that the image she sees in the mirror is no longer her own. Thus, female writers be left with a problem. As Gibert and Gubar state, the woman writers self-contemplation may be said to have begun with a searching glance into the mirror of the male-inscribed literary text. at that place she would see at first only those eternal lineaments fixed on her like a mask (Gilbert & Gubar, 15). In Charlotte Bronts Villette, the narrator and heroine Lucy Snowe is faced with a great deal of reflections which could influence her self-image and become detrimental to her writing. However, she is aware that the mirrors she finds, whether the literal mirror of the looking glass or her reflection in other characters ... ... authors insisted that they are (43). However, instead of doing fiery and suicidal tarantellas out of the looking glass, (44) Lucy Snowe decides to ignore the inaccurate representations in the mirrors around her and focus her energies to ward constructing a mirror of her own the circular mirror of crystal she is always searching for but that can only be found in the text itself. The line Gilbert and Gubar apply to Bront and other roaring women writers is also valid for Lucy. The old silent dance of death became a dance of triumph, a dance into speech, a dance of authority (44).Works CitedGilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven Yale UP, 1979. ODea, Gregory. Narrator and Reader in Charlotte Bronts Villette. South Atlantic Review 53.1 (1988) 41-57.

Benedicks Changing views on Love in Much Ado about Nothing :: essays research papers

Throughout Act one and two, Benedick repeatedly says that he will never neck a woman or get married. At some stage in the duration of the play his mindset changes. In the end he is head over heels in love for Beatrice whom he once quarreled with habitually. The turnabout in his behavior was brought about by the deceiving Claudio and Pedro who indirectly told Benedick that Beatrice loved him.At the beginning, Benedicks attitude is negatively charged towards women in general. He swears he will never marry, as he is very critical of women and does non trust any of them not to cheat on him. He seems to oppose with Beatrice in a competition to outwit, outsmart, and out-insult each other. Obviously he has been in some sort of past relationship with Beatrice because when he meets her at the masked ball, she describes him as a selfish pig. We can infer that Benedick has some kind of deep feelings for her because after she insults him he is hurt and says, Will your approving command me a ny service to the worlds end? I will go on the slightest errand now to the Antipodes that you can devise to send me on. I will fetch you a toothpick from the furthest inch of Asia . . . do you any embassage to the pigmies, rather than hold three words conference with this harpy (II.i.229235). This blatantly style that he does not wish to talk to her.When Benedick hears that Claudio has fallen in love for Hero, he is enraged. He thought that Claudio would live a bachelors life like him. Benedick tells him that men who are in love are not masculine. Near the end of Act IV, Benedicks manage change is evident when Benedick chooses love over friendship. Benedick challenges Claudio, previously his closest friend in the world, to duel to the death over Claudios complaint as to Heros unethical behavior. After Beatrice complains to him about Claudios mistake, Benedick gives in, Enough, I am engaged. I will challenge him. At this point, in that respect is no doubt that Benedick has switc hed his allegiances entirely over to Beatrice. But then again, Benedick was relieved that Hero was proved guilty so he would not have to fight his close friend Claudio. On the second wedding day of Hero and Claudio, Benedick showed maturity by not fighting Pedro and Claudio when they teased him about loving Beatrice.

bbc article :: essays research papers

Gay men, lesbians and bisexuals would be granted many of the same rights as married couples under UK Government plans for legally-recognised civil partnerships. Barbara Roche, the Minister for cordial Exclusion and Equalities, says there is a strong case for allowing same-sex couples to register their relationships. This seems to be equating gay relationships with marriage and I think that is very wrong Colin stagChristian Alliance Co-habiting couples do not receive the same tax breaks or entitlements that married couples enjoy, including access to a partners pension. Civil partnerships could give homosexual couples dimension and inheritance rights for the first time. Under the plans, those who register their partnership will also receive next-of-kin status, without which partners cannot be consulted about hospital treatment. The government is set to unveil detail proposals for change next summer and consult on the issue before bringing in legislation. Any bill would be likely to run into resistivity in the House of Lords. Britons support unmarried couplesClick here to read Panorama report There is already a register for gay couples in London - except it does not confer legal rights. Mrs Roche says the idea is not about being politically correct but about recognising how society has changed. She told BBC tuner 4s Today programme "There are a number of people in gay relationships, in lesbian relationships, who are in loving relationships but their partnerships have no recognition in law. Roche Change would send a strong message against homophobia"What I am seeking to do is to say I think there is a strong case for considering a civil partnership registration scheme." Earlier, she told the Independent newspaper the change would also send a powerful message that homophobia was unacceptable and still far too widespread. Mrs Roche said that many gay people had been refused hospital visits or excluded from funerals, while others had had to sell the ir homes to wear inheritance tax. Eight European Union countries, Canada and several American states already gave legal status to civil partnerships, said Mrs Roche. A new survey of British social attitudes this week suggested a "dramatic" shift in the way the public involve homosexuality. We certainly welcome it and would hope that the government will go on and recognise these relationships in full David Allison, spokesman for OutRage In 1985, 70% of people thought homosexuality was "always" or "mostly" wrong. Now that view is shared by under half (47%) of people, while a third of people says it is "not wrong at all", suggested the National Centre for complaisant Research survey.

Culture Essay -- Anthropology, Durkheim, Functionalism

Throughout the complex yet recognised studies upon sociological phenomena, the term culture continues to amaze anthropological revisions. Whether or not a definition of culture can be determined, or merely the exact forces which bring about such an squeeze entity, the concept that culture exists can be acknowledged with focus to structural functionalism. The precise justification for culture itself began to enlighten anthropologists such as Durkheim, who in enchantment has encouraged studies from Malinowski and Parsons for instance. Still, existing theories suggest intensely dynamic and multifaceted definitions of culture, those of which explain culture with various stances. Within contemporary studies, culture itself is often implied using the notion of functionalism. Durkheim outlines a society as a functional culture both culture and society encompass systems and understructures which determine their own intentions (Durkheim, 1982). Each institution in a culture or society is a portrayal of the exact functions they have in that specific culture or society. Structural functionalism represents a paradigm of reality which interconnects the facets of civilisation and social order (Parsons, 1973). Whats more, it is these interrelations which may define culture as a system of collective purposes. Those specific purposes argon determined by the civilisation of which they are present, thus often localised. Malinowski developed interpretations of functionalism in order to avoid ethnocentric ethnographies, and his work emphasises the impression that biological unavoidably of a community are the forces which generate culture (Malinowski, 1944). The needs of a society encourage the development of institutions which function to fulf... ...xtent to which culture can be explained is very(prenominal) limited. A cultural system entitles the recognition of moral codes, survival mechanisms, cognition and an interaction with the environment. Durkheim revolutionised anthropological thoughts amongst sociological theory but the phenomena of culture can only be defined. An explanation of culture may encompass the notion that a specific set of views and behaviours will be adopted by a pile and they will respond in certain ways, which is their culture. It is a form of society and believing which deviates towards a state of equilibrium a state which will hold back shared ideals and morality. The mere complexity and dynamic structure of culture ensures difficulty when explaining the concept without properly being able to distinguish what culture is, one is excessively unable to determine its meaning and purpose.

Culture Essay -- Anthropology, Durkheim, Functionalism

Throughout the complex yet recognised studies upon sociological phenomena, the term gloss continues to astound anthropological revisions. Whether or not a exposition of culture can be determined, or merely the exact forces which bring about such an abstract entity, the concept that culture exists can be acknowledge with focus to structural functionalism. The precise justification for culture itself began to enlighten anthropologists such as Durkheim, who in turn has encouraged studies from Malinowski and Parsons for instance. Still, existing theories suggest intensely dynamical and multifaceted definitions of culture, those of which explain culture with various stances. Within contemporary studies, culture itself is often implied using the notion of functionalism. Durkheim outlines a ordination as a functional culture both culture and society cover systems and institutions which determine their own intentions (Durkheim, 1982). Each institution in a culture or society is a por trayal of the exact functions they have in that specific culture or society. Structural functionalism represents a paradigm of reality which interconnects the facets of civilisation and social roam (Parsons, 1973). Whats more, it is these interrelations which may define culture as a system of collective purposes. Those specific purposes are determined by the civilisation of which they are present, gum olibanum often localised. Malinowski developed interpretations of functionalism in order to avoid ethnocentric ethnographies, and his work emphasises the impression that biological needs of a community are the forces which generate culture (Malinowski, 1944). The needs of a society encourage the development of institutions which function to fulf... ...xtent to which culture can be explained is very limited. A cultural system entitles the recognition of deterrent example codes, survival mechanisms, cognition and an interaction with the environment. Durkheim revolutionised anthrop ological thoughts amongst sociological theory but the phenomena of culture can scarcely be defined. An explanation of culture may encompass the notion that a specific set of views and behaviours will be adopted by a people and they will respond in certain ways, which is their culture. It is a form of society and believing which deviates towards a state of equilibrium a state which will incorporate shared ideals and morality. The mere complexity and dynamic construction of culture ensures difficulty when explaining the concept without properly being able to distinguish what culture is, one is also unable to determine its meaning and purpose.

Passion for Baseball

What is one thing you argon passionate about, and why? Around this time in September, thirteen years ago, I saw a beautiful event happen. I was sitting in front of the small television in my living room and I witnessed microphone Piazza hit a homerun in Shea Stadium. At that moment, I was hooked for life. The game of baseball is rich in history and full of legends, yet is unchanging accessible to almost anyone on this planet. For me, baseball is more than a game its a lifestyle.I began playing T-ball at the raw age of six years gray and advanced to a tonic level of play any year. My passion for baseball flowed through my body more and more as I dvanced to new levels of play. However, being on the field was not the only place that cemented my love for Americas pastime. In fact, the front of my TV actually influenced me a lot. I would watch almost every depressing Mets game and sit in front of my computer playing two-dimensional Backyard Baseball 2003.Thank god my brother share s my enthusiasm or who knows what fun I would be playing right now. Year after year, there is something special about baseball that has kept me fascinated. I entail there are many creators why baseball captivates millions of people around the world. I think one of the reasons is that baseball is an eerily perfect game. How did the inventors of baseball know that 90 feet amidst each base was the perfect length? There are countless plays that come down to a matter of inches.Baseball is often referred to as the game of inches because a matter of inches can be the difference between being safe or out, or even a win or loss. Another reason I like baseball is because I truly believe it brings people together. Just think about twelve years ago today (September 1 1, 2011). Planes crashed into iconic buildings in New York City and Washington D. C. When baseball started back up again, guess who was there to throw out the first pitch in Yankees Stadium? Our president, George W. Bush. He th rew an impeccable strike and the crowd went wild.Through all of the grieving and horror of that week, New York had something to cheer for again. I still get chills Just mentation about that special day. Its magical moments like that, that make baseball so extraordinary. Baseball is often referred to as Americas Pastime. I really like that face because baseball is engrained in Americas history. I think its funny that baseball almost has a history as vast as the United States. The idea of playing catch in the backyard or going out to the ballpark with your family is etched into my idea of America.As a kid that loves the idea of America, it seems fitting that baseball is partly of my life. The history is another aspect that keeps me playing. Abner Doubleday first adapted baseball from the British game, Rounders. From then on, baseball has evolved into the modern game that I have grown to love. When I visited the Baseball Hall of Fame, I realized how important the history was. Every time I step on a baseball field, I think about the other people hat have stepped on a similar field in the past.I think of heroes like Jackie Robinson and Ty Cobb, but I withal think of soldiers in World War II that continued to play overseas. I feel honored Just to think that I am playing the same game that they myself not playing baseball and it makes me nauseous Just thinking about it. Like I said, baseball is part of my lifestyle. Even shop for baseball pants or cleats gets me excited. During my lifetime, I guarantee that I will flip on the TV every morning and watch the highlights of every game, Just like I did as a kid. My passion for baseball will never stop running through my veins.

How to Change Bad to Good

In a society where children can no longer be spanked because its considered child sophisticate, gun violence is at an all time high, and parents fear what ay happen as they are throw their children off to school, its difficult to watch the evening news anymore. There was a time where plurality would leave the house to go to the grocery store for a loaf of bread and leave their doors unlocked. Today, if you leave your doors unlocked, there is a high probability you bequeath be burglarized.What is the world coming to and is the Justice system really serving its purpose if there are so party repeated offenses, and in approximately cases, repeat offenders? For Assignment One for this week, I shared information ab come out of the closet Singapore Criminal Justice System. The information I learned through my research was astounding. Singapore has one of the lowest villainy rates in the world and while many t true sensation Singapore punishments are inhumane and extreme, about fe el Corporal punishment would allow individuals contemplating criminal activity to call back twice before they act out on impulsion.In 1994, American teenager Michael Fay was caned cardinal strokes and sentenced to four months in Jail for vandalizing cars and public property, despite the United States appeals for a different sentence (The Wall Street Journal, 2010). After the caning and turning to the United States, Michael Fay was have-to doe with in a butane accident, burning his face and hands, and was subsequently admitted to the Hazarded rehabilitation program, located in Minnesota, for butane abuse (People Magazine, 1994, pig 60). According to People Magazine (1994), Fay blamed his butane abuse on his experience in Singapore.Following the butane incident, Michael Fay continued his troubles with the law. In Florida in 1996, he was cited for several traffic violations (The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, pig 82) and in 1998, Fay was charged with drug rappelling and self- forget of marijuana (Askew, 1998, pig 1). Did Fay continue to break the law in the United States because he knew Corporal Punishment was not an option and his punishment would be untold lighter than caning, or can his misdoings really be a direct correlation to his caning experience?Why do people commit crime? Is there a difference between a man sneaking a turkey at Thanksgiving because he is homeless and a man stealing clothing so he can then turn around and sell it to support his bad drug habit? It seems as though there should be a difference, et both men could face the same sentence. There are underlying psychological reasons why people commit crimes, however, some(a) may be more reasonable than others. But then again, who defines reasonable? I believe in order to allow Justice to prevail you must understand the criminal at hand.Why did the person commit the crime? Is the person a threat to society? Can the person be rehabilitated if given the plant direction and opportunities? Sen tences should be appropriate to the crime committed. If a man steals a turkey because he is homeless and is trying to eat, what DOD is it going to do sending him to Jail when he knows he will be giving a warm place to sleep and food to eat? Wouldnt that antagonize him to continue to steal? Instead of sending him to Jail, send him to work.Order him to indemnify for what he stole and continue to hold a steady Job so he is able to pay for food, contribute to society and show remorse for the crime committed out of disparity. If a man is stealing clothing to sell it for a drug habit, again, the position should be assessed. Is he a threat to society and would he continue to steal if his substance abuse problem was obliterated? Instead of sending him to Jail, send him to a rehabilitation center. However, do not send the defendant to rehab for ninety days.If someone has a substance abuse problem severe enough to steal, ninety days is not going to rehabilitate the individual. An extensive r ehabilitation program is called for. Repeated offenders are a concern. If the individual did not learn from their prior punishment, it is clear there must be some sort of attempt to mislead and commit crimes without being caught. For those individuals, they should be sentenced accordingly, and then sent to the military. The enlisting time should seem on the offense committed and their prior criminal history.As a victim of crime, I understand that Justice is not always served in the way some feel it should be served. For example, there are plenty of homicide cases reported in the news where the accused has been convicted before on murder charges. Why is this person out on the streets? If a person murders someone intentionally, there is absolutely no excuse for why they should be given another chance. I am a big proponent for Capital Punishment. If money takes a life, why should they be allowed to continue their life?There is a local municipal Judge in my area that I have much respec t for, as do others in the community. His name is Judge Continent. Judge Continent believes in creative sentencing. He has sentenced a woman who abandoned kittens in a box in the woods during the winter season to a night spent in the woods. He has sentenced a man who called a police officer a pig to stand on a busy city street corner with an actual pig and a sign that read Police Officers are NOT pigs. It is hard not to laugh at some of Hess sentences, but it does seem precise close to the eye for an eye mentality, which I thoroughly support.I believe that if this type of mentality was used when handing down all sentences, the element of suspense and criminals thinking they will get a slap on the wrist will soon disappear. If the sentence is known before the crime is committed, and the sentences are uniform, people may think twice before committing a crime, especially if they know they will be subjected to the same treatment they caused someone else to endure. Is there really a qu ick organise for the United States Criminal Justice System?

A Case Study of the H.B. Fuller Case on Honduras Essay

As the CEO of the H.B brimfull Comp some(prenominal), I have a great degree of first-hand knowledge and can honestly say that when it comes to descent ethics, few American corporations have a better image than the H.B. afloat(predicate) Company of St. Paul, Minnesota. We argon a leading manufacturer of industrial gum trees, coatings and paints, having won non-homogeneous awards, honors and inclusion in a variety of socially conscious mutual funds, all of which attest to our standing as a good corporate citizen. Recently, however, its manipulation of a stubborn image-staining problem has tainted our reputation. Specifically, there was illegal abuse of its shoe take a shitrs glue by home little Central American children who became habituated to the products intoxicating and dangerous fumes (Henriques, 1995, p. 1). By ignoring this very serious getting even we are indirectly saying to businesses and stakeholders, the community and society in usual that we are have-to doe wit h with financial gain at the expense of peoples safety.Such perceptions, however, are in direct contrast to our imagination contention and it is of the utmost importance that we brand name all necessary changes to restore the faith of both the public and private heavenss. One of the ways that this can be accomplished is through a series of commercials that take aim the fatal affects of huffing glue and which lead erase the pairing of our brand name to drug use. In conjunction with various subsidized drug awareness programs, we can save costs in combating our recent negative publicity, restoring our profits and, more importantly, saving snuff its. A first step leave be to add a warning label or disclaimer directly to each tube of glue that whitethorn be harmful if inhaled.An additional and rise-documented plan is to add oil of table mustard to the product, which provide make it less attractive to inhale. In addition, for approximately one yr a portion of our proceeds wil l be reinvested into programs that will provide counseling to children ab out the dangers of drug abuse. Furthermore, we plan to work with the local regimen to enlighten locals about financial opportunities in their area, the lack of which is the primary cause of escape and overdosing. The overriding and primary plan will be to implement a well thought out CSR (corporate social tariff) plan, the foundation of which has been out profligated above. Our vision statement ought to serve as our guide.Vision StatementH.B. Fullers next vision statement includes our purposeand mission to be a leader in our industry as well as our commitment to our stakeholdersOur purpose is to deliver value to our customers using knowledgeable people and the best technologies.Our mission is to be a leading worldwide formulator, manufacturer and marketer of technology-driven specialty chemic products and related services and solutions.We are committed to the balanced interests of our customers, employee s, shareholders and communities. We will conduct business ethically and profitably, and exercise leadership as a responsible corporate citizen.Our commitment is to continually prove our capabilitiesExpand our presence in existing markets and our brand identitiesExtend our reach geographically and through immature businessesExecute our strategies with urgency and disciplineEnergize our employees by creating a culture that recognizes performance, values contributions, celebrates success, and respects work-life balance (H.B. Fuller, 2006, p. 1 2).H.B. Fullers environment, health and safety efforts are control by the following missionstatementWe will be a responsible follow with respect to the environment, health, and safety by operating in a manner that protects our customers, employees, shareholders and communities.We will provide the resources and technology to develop, implement, and re extradite environmental, health and safety programs that support the achievement of guild goals (H. B. Fuller, 2006, p. 1 -2).According to our vision and mission statements we are fundamentally responsible for the way we do business, and the companys progressive and proactive environment, health, and safety efforts reflect this philosophy (H. B. Fuller, 2006, p. 2). One of our primary goals is to continually progress toward reducing, and where possible, eliminating, the release of substances that cause environmental damage by the use of periodic self-examinations of manufacturing plants which help the company identifyrisks and exposures that may exist or develop, so that best management practices can be proposed and implemented (H. B., 2006, p. 2).embodied Environment, Health and Safety ProgramWe have already implemented a corporate Environment, Health, and Safety program, including a team of experts who provide specialized expertise to all H.B. Fuller operations worldwide. Standardized policies and practices, often more stringent than local regulations, are implemented and managed by regional and local EHS specialists around the world (H.B., 2006, p. 2). This team will be responsible for working with local drug agencies to provide public service anouncements. According to Jeffrey, the H. B. Fuller Companys employee profit sacramental manduction, corporate big and funding of a University of Minnesota chair in corporate ethics won it rave reviews from the Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) community and a leaning in the book The one C Best Companies to Work for in America (1995, p.1). Elmer L. Andersen, founder and chairwoman of the H.B. Fuller Company which he bought in 1941, was a gratis(p) Republican who as governor of Minnesota pressed for new park set ashore and human rights and helped turn Fuller into a Fortune 500 company (E. L. Andersen, 2004, p. 1).However, South of the Ro Grande, this transnational with 1995 revenues of $1.1 billion supplied the drug of choice to Latin American street children seeking an escape from poverty, abuse and family disintegration (1995, p.1)? As such, it is important that we instill in the children the sense that their lives are non hopeless and that they do in fact have opportunities. According to Henriques, some child eudaemonia advocates have demanded for years that the company add a noxious oil to its glue to warn abusers. The company had resisted that approach, possibly because it might reduce the glues effectiveness, possibly because the smell would be irritating to legitimate users. We have done all we reasonably could to prevent abuse. But by some estimates, tens of thousands of Central American children sniff some sort of glue. These kids are often called resistoleros, a reference to Fullers Resistol glue (par. 1995, p. 1). This is a dangerous association, which must be erased. By covering with local and national news media, we can insist that the media not refer to those who sniff our glue as resistoleros.Although our main consumers are shoemakers and leather workers, a vast though unknown quantity ends up under the nosesof street kids. The adhesives fumes go straight to the frontal lobes, the switchboard of the question, and to brain areas that control emotions. Resistol turns off the brains connection to reality, neutralizing stress, pain and fear, taking the place of parental affection. Short-term use can produce nosebleeds, rashes and headaches. It can likewise lead to long-term use because toluene is psychologically addictive. Chronic abuse can cause neurological damage, kidney or liver failure, paralysis and death (par. Jeffrey, 1995, p. 1).There is no doubt that our glue was designed for shoes, not immature brains, and although we are not responsible for product abuse, we do feel a moral and social responsibility to rectify this situation. We dont grapple to street children. We sell to legitimate users who are manufacturing a product, says Dick Johnson, Fullers executive vice president for investor relations. If people, children or adul ts, get it mother fuckerly, thats a concern to us, but youve got to remember thats not our main focus (Jeffrey, 1995, p. 1). In contrast, activists argue that glue makers can speak to the abuse dilemma in the manufacturing process.In 1968, the U.S. based Testor Corporation became an industry model as soon as it added mustard oil to its model plane glue. Mustard oil made the glue difficult to inhale, dramatically reducing Testor glue abuse and sales. Confronted with rising toluene addiction ten years ago, childrens activists in Central America requested manufacturers to learn from Testors case. Activists did not think that the additive would get rid of inhalant abuse, because hard-core users could turn to different substances. Instead, it was argued that additives would discourage first-time users and do away with the most available inhalant. Glue makers refused (par. Jeffrey, 1995, p. 1 2).Consequently, the Honduran Congress passed a law in 1989 that required the addition of must ard oil to toluene-based products to which we responded with a lobbying blitz. David Calvert, an advocate for street children in the Honduran capital, Tegucigalpa, stated that Fuller barraged shoemakers with claims that mustard oil would endanger our health, a tactic he called a campaign of lies (Jeffrey, 1995, p. 2). In retrospect, the triple bottom line could actually be great with the added mustard oil because of the positive publicity it would potential generate. In addition, by adding mustard oil, we can use this distinguishing factor as a marketing point.Concerned friends and family who care about their loved ones would certainlybe more liable(predicate) to purchase a product with the additive if they know it will deter the temptation for abuse. In conjunction with anti-drug campaigns we can bring the epidemic of inhaling chemicals to the surface. Once this issue is acknowledged, we can pair the additive with reduced levels of abuse. As such, there would likely be a subsidy for our commercials. We could recommend that people buy only glue with mustard oil, such as our particularly. Our lobbying campaign worked and a government commission decided that toluene products in Honduras do not have to contain any mustard oil. This resulted in controversy and poor media publicity. In 1992, a few days before NBC Dateline was to tape a critical Fuller piece, we sworn to discontinue its production of solvent adhesives where we are known to be abused (Jeffrey, 1995, p. 2). In addition to this, any loss of profits could be remade by concerned people who do not want their loved ones to be tempted by inhalants.EconomyHonduras economy has a GDP per capita of $2,050.00 (U.S.) per year (1999). It has persisted to increase gradually but the sharing of wealth continues to be quite polarized normal wages are persistently low. Economic growth is approximately 5 percent per year. Nevertheless, several people stick to below the level of poverty. It is anticipated that there are over 1.2 million unemployed people. The rate of unemployment is 28 percent. The World Bank and the International Monetary entrepot recorded Honduras as eligible for debt relief. This debt relief was given in 2005 (par. Wikipedia, 2006, p.1).According to the Global Business Center, U.S. GDP per capita for 1999 was roughly $30,200.00 and the GNP was $8.083 trillion (GDP, 2001, p. 1). In addition, there is greater distribution of wealth among the U.S. population as well as a democratic form of government and free economy.In contrast, Honduras has a centralized government that shows little concern for the welfare of its people resulting in poor economic growth and lack of stabilization in that soil. Both the electricity services (ENEE) and land line telephone services (HONDUTEL) were run by government monopolies, with the ENEE receiving heavy subsidies from the government because of its chronic financial problems. HONDUTEL, however, is no longer a monopoly, the telecommunication s ector having been opened after December 25, 2005(Wikipedia, 2006).Although there is a somewhat overwhelming and even helpless sense of unemployment rate in Honduras, there are in fact opportunities. Regardless of education, the tourism industry is booming and if the locals are educated about such opportunities. With the knowledge of how to break into the tourism industry, kids and teenagers who are more likely to be attracted to drug abuse may realize that there are in fact other opportunities. Whether it be selling trinkets to tourists, taking them on guided tours or other opportunities, tourism can offer people from Honduras a constant flow of cash. With these opportunities the sense of hopelessness which breeds drug abuse in general and huffing of our glue in particular, will be greatly reduced. To implement such an educational program would not be very costly and could make a significant difference in many peoples lives.The Honduran government started to actively encourage touri sm in the late mid-sixties (Ritchie et al 1965). Emphasis was placed on building three separate physical as well as cultural geographical areas which include the following the Mayan archeological site of Copn, the beaches and colonial history of the North Coast, and the coral reefs of the Bay Islands (ibid). La Mosquitia and the Ro Pltano Biosphere Reserve were added as ecotourism became a popular world trend in the mid-nineties (Rivas 1990). In the 1980s,the government of Honduras established a set of laws that established special tourism zones. These zones were helpful in plan foreign investments by making available liberal tax and import enticement. Nonetheless, Article 107 of the Honduran Constitution prohibits foreign land ownership within 40 kilometers of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Fonseca as well as the international borders of Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala.Aware of this barrier, in 1990 the Honduran National Congress passed Decree Law 90/90 to permit foreign property purchases in specific tourism areas, recognized by the Ministry of Tourism. This was done to construct never-ending or vacation homes (Tourism as a Geographical Phenomenon, 2006)Regions all along the North Coast and the Bay Island were among the most well-liked for investment. Sustained speeding up of these neoliberal financial policies took place during the 1990s in particular with the formation of Tourism Free Zones in 1993 (Decree Number 98-93 1993). Tourism investors were give thesame benefits as the private Export Processing Zones. This includes 100 percent foreign ownership of property, federal and municipal tax exemptions, tax free imports for any materials needed to further the industry (Decree Number 98-93, 1993).Within the setoff five months of 1995 the tourism industry in Honduras produced $90 million US dollars, a 62 percent increase from 1994 (Durn, 1995). The Bay Islands made up close 25 percent of this total. According to Maria Callejas de Durn (1995), Seni or Commercial Officer for Honduras, in 1995 tourism ranked fifth in the revenue genesis for the country, but it did not reach its full potential. Despite the tourist attractions offered by the continuously warm weather, it was believed that the country still lacked supplemental motivation in the areas in which the flow of foreign visitors was the highest. Nevertheless, with the institution of the Tourism Free Zone Law, ecotourism programs, and the national demand for additional tourism projects, she felt tourism had the potential to become the countrys leading industry (Durn 1995).By 1997 tourism ranked third in foreign exchange earnings (US $ 143 million) behind coffee (US $330 million) and bananas (US $ 239 million) (Tourism as a Geographical Phenomenon, 2006).Social ConscienceFuller claimed that that mustard oil was itself a toxic substance which cause harm to the respiratory system and mucous membranes stating that it did not make sense to add toxic chemicals to our products wh en our goal was to reduce overall toxicity. When asked about the Testor decision, Fuller responded that maybe 50 percent of our sales of glue went down when we added oil of mustard. Were we only selling to abusers (par. Jeffrey, 1995).The Fuller experience provides a textbook example of the thorny moral equations that lie beyond the simple arithmetic of the bottom line (Henriques, 1995). Did we leave themselves open for attack? Or does this case emphasize the importance of a corporation to live up its self-created image? Fuller does repeatedly present itself as a good citizen. Year after year it sprinkles its annual reports with statements proclaiming that it has a commendable corporate conscience (Henriques,1995). Fuller must live up to its good citizen image if it wants to survive.A family 1995 study by the Washington, D.C. based Social Investment Forum (SIF) found that $639 billion, or one out of every 11 professionally managed investment dollars, is held in a fund subject to som e kind of ethical screen. More than 1,000 members of SIF, which includes large institutional investors, technical analysts, foundations and individual investors, pledge to invest responsibly by applying honest, thorough and diligent methods of research and evaluation to investment picks. Interviews with SRI firms, many of which are bullish on Fuller stock, suggest that this pledge is easier to take than to practice (Jeffrey, 1995).We are not the only company guilty of exaggerating its adherence to its good citizen principles. In addition, glue-sniffing is not a new issue for the makers of solvent-based adhesives. The Testor Corporation added a noxious ingredient to discourage abuse of its hobby glue in July 1969. And Henkel, a German chemical company that competes with Fuller, stop making certain toxic glues in Central Americain 1994 (Henriques, 1995) We too plan too add a similar additive to discourage such abuse. Nevertheless, our company dominates the Central American market wit h its Resistol brand of glue and it seems to have been singled out. If we had a lesser reputation we would be less of a prey (Henriques, 1995).Finally, Fullers board adopted a resolution in 1992. For years, the directors had been under pressure by a loose alliance of child advocacy groups concerned about the hazards of glue-sniffing among the homeless children of Central America. Then, on July 16, 1992, the board abruptly but unanimously voted to stop selling Resistol adhesives in Central America.As the company explained in its 1992 annual report Faced with the realizations that a crusadeable replacement product would not be available in the near future and that the illegitimate distribution was continuing, the Board of Directors decided that our Central American operations should stop selling those solvent-based Resistol adhesives that were commonly being abused by children (Henriques, 1995). Unfortunately, by October 1992, the advocates had learned that we had not stopped selli ng Resistol in Central America and did not intend to. It nolonger sold the glue to retailers and small-scale users in Honduras and Guatemala, but it did sell large tubs and barrels of it to industrial customers in those countries, and to a broader list of commercial and industrial users in neighboring countries (Henriques, 1995). Consequently, we have since taken other steps to address the abuse. We have changed the products formula, dropping the sweet-smelling but highly toxic solvent toluene and substituting the slightly less toxic chemical cyclohexane. It has tried to develop a water-based glue, which is not intoxicating. It has studied the issue thoroughly and carefully and has contributed to community programs for homeless children in Central America (Henriques, 1995).Many of our critics and experts in business ethics have accused the company of image polishing but the company has been praised for a high level of corporate philanthropy, including giving 5 percent of its profit s to charity in each country where it operates (Henriques, 1995). Nevertheless, on Jan. 3, 1995, Mr. Hendler and a co-counsel, Michael Brickman of Charleston, S.C., filed a wrongful-death claim against Fuller in state court in Dallas which was eventually dismissed. We stopped distributing solvent-based glues in Latin America on November 30, 1999.We spent the better part of the past decade trying to make our solvent-based glues harder for children to obtain and less attractive to inhale, while at the same time developing water-based alternatives (par. Kokmen, 2000). Industry watchers, however, suspected that our change in policy may also have to do with shifts in Fuller management. The president and chairman retired and I was brought in to head the firm. Another theory is that the company pulled out of Latin America for fear of litigation and poor sales due to the change in the formula (par. Kokmen, 2000).ConclusionAfter failing to keep our initial heralded promise to withdraw abuse d adhesives, we eventually pulled our glue off the market. Even with such skillful management, another company might not have been able to escape further scrutiny. But Fuller has a bid advantage Its good name, its dollars, and its employees are woven so deeply into local politics, business, media, and nonprofits that to tug at its reputation means to rip big holes into the model of Minnesota Nice. In addition to its network of community and business connections, Fuller has taken advantage of a keyprinciple of corporate relations hasten your story out first, and your critics will bear the burden of refuting it. Thats how the glue issue could be defined as a blemish on an other spotless reputation, rather than as one of the problems created by a large, multinational chemical company (NKauoa, 1993). The solution is not for Fuller and other companies to stop selling toxic glues, but rather to help get children off the streets and into productive lives. Fuller has said previously that its goal is to help get children off the streets in Central America.It donates thousands of dollars each year to childrens groups aiding in that effort (Kurschner, 1995). Like Central America and the Honduras, the US also has social issues such as outlaw(a) drug use and homeless children. Fuller and other companies should use their resources for improving the quality of life for the citizens of the US and Central America. And we have the money to do full that. According to Shah, Fullers global adhesive revenues grew 13% for its fiscal first posterior ended February 2005 and our sales were strong in Europe, as well, during the quarter (Shah, 2005). We plan to help children by introducing them to opportunities such as tourism this will hopefully allow them to realize that there is in fact hope for the future. In partnership with anti-drug campaigns, we can raise awareness of the dangers of a inhaling glues and the benefits of buying only products that contain mustard oil and which are simultaneously less harmful. In short, we will convince and prove to the public that our product is safer and less likely to be abused.ReferencesAndersen, E.L. 95, Ex-Minnesota Governor. (2004, November 17). The New YorkTimes. p. A27.GDP. (2001, January 2). Global Business Center Online. Retrieved family line 26,2006, from http//www.glreach.com/gbc/en/Englishphp3H. B. Fuller, About Us. (2006, September 24). This is H.B. Fuller Online. RetrievedSeptember 24, 2006, from http//www.hbfuller.com/About_Us/index.shtmlP0_0Henriques, D. B. (1995, November 26). Black Mark for a Good Citizen. Money andBusiness/Financial Desk The New York Times, p. NA.Jeffrey, P. (1995, December). Glue Makers Image Wont dumbfound Online. RetrievedSeptember 24, 2006 from http//pangaea.org/street_children/latin/fuller.htmlKokmen, L. (2000, February 9). Coming Unglued. City Pages Online Online.Retrieved September 26, 2006, fromhttp//www.citypages.com/databank/21/1001/article8414.aspKurschner, D. (1995 July/A ugust). Product Liability Is Resistol Too Sticky For H. B.Fuller To Handle Litigators want to paste company with wrongfuldeath suit over childs misuse of product. Business Ethics Online. RetrievedSeptember 27, 2006, from http//pangaea.org/street_children/latin/ethics.htmLee, L. (1996, August 30). Free, unlimited energy brightens rural Honduras but at acost. Honduras This Week Online. Retrieved September 26, 2006 from,http//www.marrder.com/htw/aug96/national.htmlNKaoua, L. (1993, August 11). The Sweet Smell of Success (Part 2 of 2) Online.Retrieved September 23, 2006 from,http//pangaea.org/street_children/latin/citypg2.htmlShah, V. (2005, September 28). Prices Rise, But So Do Costs. Chemical Week, 167, 42Honduras. (2006, September 24). Wikipedia Encyclopedia RetrievedSeptember 24, 2006, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras

Measuring academic proficiency under the NCLB.

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act was designed to close the achievement gap between high and low performing children, oddly the achievement gap between nonage and non-minority students and between disadvantaged children and their much advantaged peers (NCLB, 2001). The key components of the act be the adequate socio-economic classly programs (AYP), and the annual measurable objectives (AMO). The AYP is the working(a) principle of the act and it is seen as the mechanism for which all schools and all students pucker the same faculty member standards in reading and mathematics by school year 2013-2014.The AMO indicates the performance of the school in terms of advancement in reading and mathematics tests. Moreover, the law identifies student subgroups like economically disadvantaged students, students form major racial and ethnic groups, students with disabilities and students with limited English proficiency. The law also specifically requires that 95% of the total number o f students in a school and 95% of each(prenominal) subgroup to take the reading and math standardized tests, while the state is tasked to determine its own AMO targets and the minimum number of students in each subgroup who be require to meet or surpass the AMO targets (NCLB, 2001).The AYP requirements apply to Title 1 and non-title 1 school that receive federal financial backing. Schools that do not disturb AYP for two or more years will be labeled as in need of improvement and are sanctioned. The NCLB employs a conjunctive accountability system wherein each subgroup of students are required to reach the minimum levels of proficiency in math and reading regardless of their previous proficiency levels, thus within 12 years, all students should reach 100% proficiency.NCLB is based on the idea that high expectations for achievement would result to higher actual achievement levels. By requiring each school to reach a uniform level of proficiencywould wet that in a given period, all schools and all students would have mastered the same skills and learned the same acquaintance in reading and mathematics. The NCLB measures progress through a angiotensin converting enzyme mingy proficiency score across levels and subgroup. However, this frame of mind does not consider the revolution of American students and their backgrounds.For example, requiring each subgroup to meet the minimum mean proficiency score would ensure that the school would not reach the AYP. Using a single mean proficiency score to measure performance is not a true measure of school improvement nor student performance. Although, NCLB have positive visions, its method of attaining its objectives undermines what it is hypothetical to do.The law treats each school and each student as a single and uniform entity when our society is composed of different races and backgrounds, not even pickings into account the difference between the rich and the poor. Even if the law identified the subgroup of students, it still however assess each group in terms of the single mean proficiency score which is the same as implementing a one size fits all policy.The problem with NCLB is that it asks schools to be assessed against a single mean proficiency score, wherein if a school fails to reach this score, would indicate that the school is not performing as it should be in accordance with federal and state rules. The use of a single mean proficiency score says that each school is treated as equals, however the reality is differences in each school is present.For example, different districts supply to different students and since education have been the purview of the state they have also different standards on accountability and accreditation. The schools seek to attain the level of performance required by the state and in cases where measures of school performance differ from the NCLB would say that schools are making progress in the state level but is not up to standard in the national level.Students also would be burdened by being pitted against a single score that may or may not be realistically attainable, and if they fail to reach the mark they would have caused the failure of the entire school. Another problem with the NCLB is that by identifying subgroup of students and requiring them to achieve the mean proficiency score puts them in a bind.The subgroups identified by the law in some cases could be an unnecessary repetition of the groups, for example most Blacks and Latinos are economically disadvantaged, and that most of these groups also have lower mean proficiency scores. Thus if a school is composed of many poor students, of different racial groups, of students with limited English proficiency, then this school will surely not reach that mean proficiency score.The NCLB is not friendly to racial groups, economically disadvantaged children, children with disabilities and children with limited English proficiency. It is common knowledge and even supported by statistics that those who are identified as economically disadvantaged are those who belong to a minority racial group. In which case they will be asked to reach the same proficiency score twice, then they will be labeled as under performing and the school as needing improvement.It will compromise what the students have accomplished in a school year, because failing to reach the mark is not equal to no improvement or no learning. As for the parents, they would probably imply that NCLB is good for their children as it ensures equality between groups in terms of academic achievement. However, if their state certifies that their children are performing to expectations like in Virginia and California, but the federal government says otherwise would saw confusion and distraught among parents.Schools and districts complain that using a single mean proficiency score to measure performance is not realistic and appropriate. It does not take into consideration that high-poverty schools ha ve students with less academic conceptualization than those with low-poverty schools. Moreover, by using a system of conjunctive accountability dooms schools from reaching AYP.The short term effects of NCLB on low-income students and of color is that thy will b subjected to more requirements in school or additional interventions that would enable them to reach the desired improvement of scores as well as being pressured to make that mark. The long-run effect is that when they fail to reach AYP and cause the school to lose out on the AYP race, then they will be blamed for it and probably will be faced with angry members of the community.When schools still fail to make the mark and is identified as needs improvement and probably would be given less funding the more the low-income and racial groups become more disadvantaged, instead of closing the academic achievement gap, the NCLB does not even consider what academic achievement is.I envisage that NCLB was born out of the sincere d esire to make sure that our students have the same level of academic proficiency even for math and English only. Whoever drafted the bar however did not have a clear understanding of achievement, intelligence and environmental factors that are part and parcel of learning and education.It is also funny to think that as diverse a population as we have we want to be pitted against a single score when what is more important than the line or score is actual learning and the evidence of improvement across the years. Thus, as a law that seeks to close the achievement gap between groups of students, the NCLB divides and places the minority groups in a more difficult situation and at a more disadvantaged position.

In advance

We planned the whole trip 1 month In advance, because we were going to stay only if 1 week and we wanted to take the best out of our family vacation trip, I as Impatient to be there with my family, see my old friends, and we comprehend that the city had Improved a lot In Infrastructures such as new buildings, parks, elegant restaurants, new streets signs, and playground areas all around the city I couldnt wait to see all that.We took off early in the morning and I was feeling excited already. On the way, we would kill off time by playing the word game on the train. It is a usual routine for a long train ride. Hours later, we arrived to our hotel. They would not let me know which hotel we are staying to call up on my curiosity and excitement for this rip. I was happy and excited to finally find out that we are going to spend the night at pineal Resort Nah Train.We started to plan the trip and we decided to visit a few tourist places of Nah Train beach. First we planned to go to the island, which Is one most notable called Bird island, which Is known for the bird nest In danger of extinction found In that Island. My mom wanted to go to Hon. Mum Island to see the slow rocks Like people In there Introduced, so we decided to go there as well. On the way we went, we tried lots of food in there such as Ban can chaw ca, Men chug

Peace and War Essay

It was a wonderful period in tender-hearted record. Peace existed through the large mass of geographic territory that many people of contrasting cultures inhabited. It was the summer and the multitude of the population of these various neighboring countries enjoyed the prosperity they were blessed with. Then, a time moved forward It was a tragic and horrible centering to die drowning in ones own blood because holes have been burned in the lungs due to the corrosive inhaled vapors that the canisters exploded. This was the unfortunate result of chemic and gas weapons. Could there be a worse way to die?Yes starving on the battlefield as evidenced by gaunt corpses littering the landscape. This was the worldly concern of World War One. Europe was a beautiful place in the early 20th century and the nonion of war was the furthest thing from anyones mind. That is, it was far removed from peoples thoughts until a chain of events occurred that launched the massive devastation of The Gre at War. Perhaps those people in Europe only deluded themselves into sentiment war as impossible. After all, the history of Europe (and many parts of the rest of the world) is one that chronicles war after war after war.The ability to extend without war is simply a utopian fantasy that is not based in reality. In evidence of this, all one needs to do is aspect at the entirety of history. Throughout history, thousands of wars have been fought. Some have been justifiable acts of self defense, others have been aggressive acts of imperialism, and others have been simply been colossal errors in persuasion that had tragic consequences. Regardless of the reasons for the onset of war, the fact remains that wars occurred and will continue to occur throughout human history. Peace and War Page 2In reality, there will always be aggressive bring throughs as long as nations seek international and domestic goals that may be at betting odds with other nations cultural differences exist between societies that lead to tensions imperial expansions and aggressions become a nations standard policy dictatorships that are not accountable to their population continue to flourish and human nature continues to embody Darwins model of survival of the fittest. This does not mean that human beings are bloodthirsty and lust violence and the subjugation of others. What it means is that nations seek self-preservation.In order to maintain this self-preservation (whether it is a noble goal or an imperial one), nations will require armed services buildups in order to deter interference or threats to their international and domestic interests. When such threats are perceived action will be taken. Of course, such action usually invites retaliation and the result is often full scale war. While we wish such a situation were avoidable, it has occurred so often in history that it was become, for lack of a better word, standard operating procedure on the part of certain world powers and they are not going to change this policy any time soon.In other words, for war to be eliminated from the landscape of human existence, then human nature itself must change. For all serious considerations, human nature is not going to change on such a grand scale that war actions become obsolete. Again, such a concept is utopianism not based in pragmatic, practical reality but, rather, a complete disregard for the consistent actions of human beings since biblical times. As such, war will never go and will remain part of the human landscape forever more.

Causes of the English Civil War Essay

Charles I came to the thr peerless in 1625 after the death of his father, throng I. His reign maintained some similarities with his fathers reign. For instance, both Charles and James had very little money and both of them believed firmly in the Divine Origin of great powership1. During his reign, many events took place which led to the English Civil War in 1642 and which ended up with the public execution of Charles I. This essay will discuss and deal with the different factors that gave rise to the English Civil War. As was said above, one of the main problems of Charles reign was the lack of money and, undoubtedly, this was a practiced reason for a civil war. Everything started when the parliament asked Charles to go to war with the Catholics in Spain.Charles did not fork up the needed money to face this war and so he asked for taxes, the taxes were not enough and the war was impossible. This outraged the MPs but they knew that Charles would then call them backbone for help . Parliament did not like Charles be arouse they thought he spent money only on his favourites so the King himself would have to find a appearance to make money. Charles tried several things such as enforcing taxes known as ship money2, selling monopolies and titles he besides created a Court of supporter Chamber which was composed by1 The divine origin of kingship According to this doctrine, since only God can judge an unjust king, the king can do no wrong. (Definition provided by http//www.princeton.edu/achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Divine_Right_of_Kings.html) 2 Nonparliamentary tax first levied in medieval times by the English crown on coastal cities and counties for naval defense mechanism in time of war. (Definition provided by http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/540944/ship-money) officials of the crown and which main purpose was to fine people heavily so as to raise money.As at that place was not a jury, this court would obviously fulfill his expectations. Parliament w as really angry for the illegal situation, so Charles opinionated to dissolve it. The reign continued for xi years without a Parliament. He called a Parliament again just because he needed money. The Covenanters verbalised their desire to invade England and Charles did not have the comfortable money to fight them.The Parliament refused to give him money from the taxes and Charles dissolved it again. Eventually, as he was forced to pay a determined sum of money to the Scots, he called a Parliament again. He was destroyed economically. Undoubtedly, Charles poor economic manage and his bad decisions were closely related to the outbreak of the civil war. Another crucial cause was religion. These quarrels began when Charles married to Henrietta Maria who was a French Catholic. Having a Catholic as a Queen was not accepted at all by English people, especially by the Puritans.Things went worse when the King made William spiritualize the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633. The Archbishop modified many things in the Church. For instance, beatifying the Church and bringing back robes for priests, statues and stained-glass windows. Laud also attempted to impose the English Prayer Book3 in Scotland. As Scotland was a Puritan (Presbytarian) country, they rioted against this Too Catholic Prayer Book and a group of Scots, the Covenanters, decided to invade England as it was mentioned in the previous paragraph. After putting Laud on trial, the Parliament found him guilty.3 A book which stated how service should be run (Definition provided by http//www.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-london/A622937) Another major cause which led to the civil war was Charles personality. It may seem not a primitive cause comparing it with the above mentioned ones. Nonetheless, his way of thinking, his bad decisions, his conflicts with the MPs, his wifes influence and his contradictory and inconsistent reign also contributed to the outbreak of the civil war.During Charles reign, a distinction between a Short Parliament and a Long Parliament can be made. The Short Parliament was called in 1640 by the King because the Scots rebelled and due to his bad financial situation, he needed to levy a tax to deal with them (only with the Parliaments consent could he do it). This parliament was summoned after eleven years of dissolution. Even though such dissolution was not constitutional, it was one of the Kings prerogatives. The MPs met the gentry and expressed their feeling of indignation to them.Harbottle Grimston and John Pym led a catalogue of complaints. On May 5th in the same year, Charles dissolved the Parliament again blaming the vindictive cunning of some few seditious affected men. Finally, Charles came to an agreement with the Scots of paying them 850 a day. On the other hand, the Long Parliament was summoned from November tertiary 1640 for thirteen years. Charles needed funds for the daily payment and for a final settlement with the Scots. In this Parliament, 493MPs were electe d most of them were from the County Faction4. Parliament sent both Strafford and Laud to the Tower accusing them of bad influence on the King.Charles tried to calm things down signing Straffords death warrant, passing a bill that allowed for Parliament not to be dissolved without its own consent, a bill making ship money illegal and other bills that taken together demolished the fabric of prerogative government. 4 MPs who tried to represent the views of the landowners. (Definition provided by http//www.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-london/A622937) The Irish rebelled in 1641 because of their Kings death. Definitely, the execution of Strafford had not been a good choice. John Pym issued the Militia Bill and the Grand Remonstrance5 .Subsequently, Charles decided to arrest him and his ringleaders, he tried to arrest five MPs but as they had been previously warned, Charles could not find them. As this was considered a breach of Parliamentary privileges by MPs, it just made things worse between th em. And it was on 22nd August when the civil war started. To conclude, it cannot be stated that the most alpha cause of the English Civil War was unfair taxation because, as was described, there were many factors which created a filtrate relationship between Parliament and the King. Unfair taxation was a really important cause. However, it was not the only possible factor. Religious, financial and management issues played an important role as well.People who surrounded the King also took an essential part in this big conflict. It also has to be recognized that when Charles came to the throne, things were not in good conditions. Neither his father nor Charles could manage their reigns properly. A civil war could not have been avoided unless Charles would have changed his mind and way of thinking but as he was born with a belief in the Divine Origin of Kingship and did not have much knowledge about kingships, it would have been very tall(prenominal) to achieve. 5 It listed all the things Charles had done wrong in his reign, suggested less power for bishops, and said that Parliament should have power over the Church and the appointment of kingly ministers. (Definition provided by http//www.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-london/A622937)

Feasibility FINAL

The Gaining center of Torsi has started the trend and were fair going to be counting a few years more to eventually see Torsi cause one of the busiest line of products districts in the county. Torsi is a big district. It is rich in manpower and natural resources. Getting ancestrymen to invest in Torsi, Dave City is not going to be hard. Because the need is high, commercial establishments pass on be built in the district. These commercial establishments cannot alone attract customers because of the products and services that they offer. In this digital era, many people always look for picture perfect spots to do their quotidian activities.Aside from that, the biggest industry where the demand for landscaping is the housing industry. Subdivisions, especially high end villages are in shocking need of landscape services in order to keep their tenants comfortable and happy, to attract more tenants and buyers for these authoritative estate properties. This is where the need for landscaping comes in. Netscape services pass on help buss nesses attract customers who will later on on post their pictures with the landscapes as their background. They will post these photos in social media and it will automatically become a free advertisement for the business.In addition, it will also attract real estate buyers who are feel for high end properties. Who would not want picture perfect backgrounds at the comfort of your home, nowadays? logo The logo of the business includes a vector image of a blooming flower in tapdance and a cursive letter B. This design came up in order for it to become very placeable as it is simple. Complex designs may just be difficult to remember for people who saw it just once. Simple logos are utilized by many gig household brands such as Milliner and Procter and Gamble.This can also help the business to become recognizable just with its logo. NAME OF THE line of products The name of the business is BLOOMS Landscaping Services. BLOOMS is made up of the scratch letters of the surnames of the company shareholders. The surname initials of the shareholders were logical in such a way wherein it sounds like the word BLOOMS. It is closely related to the main business of the company which are the flowers that bloom. In this case, people who get to know about the existence of this company will closely elate it to the business of flowers and landscaping itself.This makes us a recognizable brand in the first years of operation and a household brand after many years of being established. The contest of being recognized by prospect customers is very crucial In starting a business. at that place are already many competitions around and many of them have been established for years. The challenge for them only includes innovations and improvements in their companies. They already have years of proven excellence and have passed the phase of introducing their businesses. Meanwhile, we are only solution to show the people wha t we can do for them.We dont have concrete and finished masterpieces yet because we are just new. Thus, we should be able to convince them to trust us in making masterpieces for them. The first step for that will not be about the quality of our work nor the price that they will pay for us. Instead, it is the name of our business that we will tell primarily. It is BLOOMS Landscaping Services that they will hear and with a catchy name, they will be willing to hear our propositions about their needs. They will allow us to listen to them and in the ND, work for them.

Possibility of a terrorist attack is real in any nation in the world

Possibility of a apprehensionist access is real in any argona in the world more so in the United States and all different nation that reckon to support our policies. Though this country has been a victim in the past we whitethorn not be in a position to guarantee that we can not be stricken again, it can get on with up anytime as the terrorist have been known to strike at the least expected time and in the least expected places.I go forth be quick to point step to the fore that in the recent future in that location has been a trend as far as terrorist good times are concerned. They have been targeting specific places with the most prostrate areas being the crowded areas. Their aim is to cause as much panic as possible. In the introductory terror attacks lives has been lost and massive destruction of property witnessed in all these instances.There have been growing fears that terrorist office strike key economic infrastructures in this country. This has caused great fea r as such an attack could process cascading and social impacts. In this paper I will describe a hypothetical nuclear terrorist attack giving a clear analysis on its effect on various aspects of American governing bodys.Nuclear attack has n invariably been a comfort able subject in America, it is feared that such a thing would inflict persecute that has never been witnessed in the American history. The fact remains that such an attack is possible in the American soil and the perpetrators of such an attack would be aiming to strike in an areas where they would cause the greatest damage ever having the kind of effects never seen before. The infrastructure in the picture would be one which carries a deep number of people at one particular time in this case I will assume an airdrome would be the key target.At one given time there are hive activities in the key airports in the country. Many people are traveling from one point to the former(a) not forgetting that there are others who are permanently located in such a instalment either as workers of a particular airline or even there to provide gage for the passengers. The point is that the human traffic is always high. (Allison, G 2005)If such an attack snuff itred ,it would be at the least expected time, though our country security system systems have the mechanisms to detect terrorist goal and prevent them before they occur they are not always hundred percent accurate, therefore at times they might lady friend some(a) of the details.The attack given its nature would have harmful effects a whole airport might be destroyed as a result of the blast and fires this would not spare the side by side(p) infrastrucres also. Deaths would be as a result of either as a result of the fire or due to the radiation poisoning that would occur given the nature of the attack.The effects of such an attack would be devastating both in the short term and long time. The deaths that would occur from such a catastrophic inciden ce would be many given the target and the type of weapon that have been used. Nuclear weapons are genuinely dangerous as they have very lethal effects not only on a short term period but also in the future due to the radioactive materials obscure. It would pose a danger for those who were directly involved in the accident and also those who would add up in to help in the evacuation process.It is a kind of a situation that many would not regard to imagine can happen in our country but given that nuclear technology is on tap(predicate) in the so called the rogue states such an attack can occur in our soil. Evacuation would not just be a simple process since the chemicals involved are very dangerous, it would require some specialized equipment to avoid contamination of those involved. Such equipment does not come cheaply therefore the cost involved in the process would be high meaning this would have some serious economic implications in the future.The massive destruction of prope rty would occur meaning the important infrastructure would be destroyed paralyzing the undefiled operations of the airport and its adjacent premises. This would eventually affect the economic activities in the area and beyond since have a bun in the oven and other activities would be stirred. Terror attacks bring some very unpleasant effects on those affected.The terrorist intention is to make the targets psychologically tormented if not physically injured, nuclear terrorist attack would have even more effects given it nature, the effects would be long term as the chemicals involved are very dangerous, it would affect those who were present at the time of the incidence and also those who were not there and may come into contact with the radioactive rays emitted during the attack. (Leventhal, P and Yonah, A 1986)The security systems of this country would be largely be affected knowing that such an attack would be hard to tackle as it might be hopeless to send army to fight nuclea r terrorists given that most of them are well organized groups which are sponsored by the rogue states. It would bring new challenges as far as war on terror is concerned.This might not be unexpected but it poses a serious threat on our security system. They need to be up to the challenge, since they have concentrated too much energy fighting other type of terrorism such that much resource has not been used to address such an issue.The system would have to prepare itself enough to meet the challenges posed b y this type of the welfare. They have to come up with the strategy to detect and prevent such a catastrophic attack in future.A terrorist if this order of magnitude occurring in our country would definitely mean that our security system has been lapse as they were not able to detect it early. Given it nature which would require a lot of preparation before hand reservation it easy for the security personnel to smell a rat and take the necessary action.The fact that it has occurr ed may most likely indicate that much was not done or some of them were involved. This would call for a serious mitigation measures to be taken so as to prevent such an attack in the future and if possible or as it should be, thorough security checks as provided by the law carried out to avoid such a disaster.

History of Ireland

In the years later on gramme AD the cultural and kind landscape of Ireland changed a great deal. The influx of unkn deliverers in Ireland had intentions to control, settle, and exploit the state and land and had a profound effect on the some oppositewise autonomous wads who existed there. Most people call for the initiative people to inhabit Ireland were the Celtic speaking primevals, who arrived between 700 and 500 BC. However, the island has been inhabited since as utmost back as 8000BC when nomads crossed the Irish Sea from continental europium on ice bridges. sooner the ar check of either other groups in Ireland the people of the island were very inward looking and non bear on with the scourts which took consecrate in the rest of Europe. This paper will detail the effects that the freshcomers had on the physical and social climate of Ireland and especially how and why the incline were adequate to establish a control everyplace the island which lasted for ov er 800 years. The primary unit of the Irish society was the family, each having its fork over lands. The source of supply which gave rise to kingships and other founds of authority was cattle or other stomachstock given to families for use on their lands.In turn over for this families pledged their commitment and services to their superior, such as in battle. As a result cattle became the measure of wealth and non lands as it was in the rest of Europe. 2 There was no individual(a) authority in Ireland to whom all answered rather, historians noted any number of kingships on the island at any time. The kings were endlessly fighting amongst themselves in an attempt to gain power and wealth. Perhaps even more(prenominal) divisive was the infighting amongst their own families often, even brothers would fight each other dividing the establish hierarchy.This created increased divisions between competing clans on the island and made any attempt to shape over it seemingly im a ttainable as no Irishman was able to accomplish it. The Irish be naturally an open-minded and accepting people who ingest great respect for other cultures and traditions. The exceed example of this mentality is the circulate of Christianity which St. Patrick introduced there beginning in 432AD. It must be noted that the spread of Christianity in Ireland was bloodless, unlike in many other parts of the world.By peacefully accepting the new faith, elements of openness and tolerance are perspicuous in their natural character. The Irish peoples actions were morally based on tradition and precedents set by their ancestors. They followed tradition very strictly when they warred with each other or had other disputes. Places such as monasteries were considered religious, due to their strong belief in Christianity, and not to be interfered with when fighting took place. When a battle was won, the victor did not win the lands because tradition required that they stay in the possession o f the family who tended them.Instead, homage and influence was won. This shows the respect land held in Irish society, it could be said that land was too sacred to pay score a pawn in the games of warring men. The first record of a strong foreign presence in Ireland came in 795 AD when Vikings arrived. It was reported that heathens had come ashore to loot and kill. 5 end-to-end the forty years that followed sporadic raids were reported in all parts of Ireland as the Vikings sailed inland on the rivers and continued to attack coastal settlements.Similar raids were occurring at the same time in England and eventually it became evident to local populations on both islands that the goal of the raiders was shifting from bounty to settlement. 6 By the year 841 AD, the Vikings had established their own settlements on the island called Longphorts. These settlements were located on key waterways and used as a base from which to establish further attacks on the inland settlements of Irel and and on other areas of Europe, especially the island of England.Settlements included what are now major urban centers of Ireland such as Waterford and Dublin, which was founded in 852. These towns proved to be an important development as they would wrench forever sources of the wealth associated with trade. After establishing themselves permanently in Ireland the Vikings became much more vulnerable to counter attacks from native peoples and soon became part of the infighting which took place between all who inhabited Ireland. 7 Due to the changing fit of their homeland the Irish people had become more forward-looking and inline with the developing societies of Europe.They had been describe as Tribal, rural, hierarchic and familiar (In the sense of being family orientated) by one scholar but were quickly losing these traits. 8 Where it was erst impossible to control lands or the kingdoms of other families, Irish leaders began to claim these kingdoms and lands in their name. Kings would capture Scandinavian towns and hold them as their own such acts were previously unheard of. 9 These actions occurred because the Norse had no friendship of, or respect for the customs which were previously in place.Therefore, if the Irish wished to hold off the ever-expanding foreigners, their towns would break to fool been overtaken and held. As a result of the importance of holding lands and towns a feudal system began to develop in parts of Ireland. . It is not reasonable to expect the Irish to show the traditional respect to an enemy who showed no(prenominal) in return. The effects of the Viking influence on Irish tradition can easily be seen in how the natives fought their wars after the arrival of the outsiders.No longer were certain things, such as monasteries, sacred and not to be interfered with. The Vikings upon first arrival were not Christian and so had no comprehension of the sanctity of monasteries, rather, they saw them as sources of great wealth and b ounty. In order for the Irish to remain competitive in war they had to renounce in the same fashion. They did so by neglecting their traditions and attacking monasteries in Viking held positions. Viking kingdoms were established and were as active in the wars on the island as the clans who fought each other before their arrival.As intermarriage blurred the distinguish talent of Viking communities from native communities the people were divided less and less by race and more by kingdoms with none becoming dominant over the island as a whole. By the 1150s the Vikings had become much less a foreigner as a people who were establishing their own kingdoms on the island which the three predominate families of the island tried to rule over The most notable Norse Kingdom is that of Dublin where the Vikings traded with much of Europe. 10 It was during such a time that the English presence began in Ireland.In 1166 Dermot MacMorrough, a King of Leinster and Dublin, appealed to King heat cont ent II of England to support him in his quest to regain his thrown and ultimately become king of all Ireland. The families he had ruled over did not whole-heartedly support him. As a result, when he stole the wife of some other Irish king, ORourke of Breffni, the peoples who were to support him had an excuse not to. He was ousted in what had become a routine power shift like many which had occurred over the previous two centuries and was banished.In his mind he snarl abandoned by his allies and so he looked to England for sponsor in regaining his position. 11 He went to England because he had influential contacts there whom he met while they were trading in Dublin, as many people from all over Europe did at that time. 12 henry II, who was fighting his own wars in France, concord to help with his own motives in mind. He completed the value of the trade rich coastal cities such as Dublin and Waterford and realized Dermot would be in his debt should his attempt at restoration be successful.Henry himself was not able to help due to the battles he was involved with at the time. He drafted a letter addressed to all his subjects, who were many as he was the most omnipotent king in Europe at the time. In it he stated his approval for the cause of Dermot and encouraged all to aid him realizing that they went in his name. 13 Equipped with the letter of endorsement Dermot set out to recruit the force with which he would scourge Ireland. Using monies loaned to him by his wealthy friends and giving promises of lands and titles to those who helped him he was able to muster a small force.He was in like manner able to assure promises of more men in the coming years from someone who would become a predominant figure in the years to come, Richard fitz Gilbert also called Strongbow. This man was eager to help because he was out of favor with Henry as he did not support him in the English Civil War. To Strongbow Dermot promised his daughter in marriage, making him the h eir to whatever territories they gained. Using his new allies, Dermot returned in 1167 and reinstated himself in his old capital where for the next two years he waged small scale wars against his old enemies.As his enemies were still pre-occupied fighting each other he was able to regain most of his former lands and to live in peace as he awaited his next wave. 14 Having been the first Irishman to look to England for help in Ireland he was branded Dermot of the foreigners and is still considered the greatest traitor in Irish history as his invitation marked the beginning of the end of Irish sovereignty in the minds of many Irish. 15 It is tragic that the Irish peoples continued to fight against one another even after intentional that Dermot had aligned himself with the most powerful King Europe.Should they have worked together to throw off the English the course of Irish history would have undoubtedly been different. They would have saved themselves from the centuries of horror and catastrophic neglect which were to follow. As promised, Dermots new allies arrived in Ireland in 1170 numbering nearly 2000 men. These newcomers held a tremendous advantage over the natives in the form of their advanced weapons. They possessed archers which proved to be an essential part of their success in the conquests that followed.They soon gained control of strategical coastal cities where they established themselves and expanded from, mostly winning territories on the eastern half of Ireland and proceeding westward. 16 The Character of Dermot is one dominated by greed and selfishness but also fierce determination. In the urban center of Waterford Strongbow married Dermots daughter and secured his place as heir. Having effectively given what had become the highest position in Ireland to a foreigner it is easy to see why Dermot is seen as a traitor. Another account tells of how Dermot abandoned his own son for power.As a condition for peace upon his arrival he gave his son to one of his enemies to be held as assurance that Dermot would not go on the offensive. 17 Knowing that his son would be killed he pressed on anyway. These actions show the greed and self-fulfilling character of Dermot, he wished to be King of the Irish at any cost. He cared only about his time and did not bother himself with what would become of his kingdom after his death when he could not personally benefit. Following Dermots death in 1171 Strongbow assumed control, however it was not a smooth transition.Many natives did not recognize him as a legitimate king and rebelled against his authority. Strongbow was able to maintain control but it became increasingly onerous for him after Henry II, who was still unsure of his loyalty and motives, took measures to limit Strongbows control and future successes. Henry cut off supplies and reinforcements fearing Strongbow would establish a powerful rival regime so close to England. As a result the new regime had difficulty fending off the Ir ish who resented his presence and authority and they spent more time fending off attackers than expanding their influence. 8 Henry was not confidant that Ireland was under his control or that it did not pose a future threat even after Strongbow reaffirmed his loyalty to him and submitted the subjugateed lands to him. Henry decided to travel there and ensure that his objectives were accomplished he was impress and encouraged by the accomplishments of his countrymen and was confident that the perfect island could be brought under his control.There is evidence to suggest Henry anticipated battle as he brought with him the largest English army to date, 5000 men, and provisions to last them for months. 9 It is difficult to imagine the state of mind the Irish were in while anticipating the arrival of Henry, they would have undoubtedly realized the threat he posed to them and the power he possessed. The fear of what was to come would have weakened the reason out of the forces still try ing to fend off the existing English. Henry finally arrived in Waterford in 1171 and became the first English king to set foot on Irish soil and immediately received the provide respect from the Irish. 0 The presence of his army was more useful than their skills or techniques as they did not have to fight a single battle.All leaders of Ireland, except one high-king in the north-west, submitted to Henry knowing that if a battle was fought, they would not win. Due simply to his superior army Henry was able to conquer almost the entire island without fighting a single battle. Upon leaving Ireland Henry made his son commode Lord of Ireland under who the leaders who had submitted to Henry ruled. When John became King of England Ireland was incorporated into the English Kingdom.The implications of theses events would be matte up throughout the rest of Irelands history. 21 When Henry II departed Ireland with poise he left hand lav him a new form of Ireland. Some new concepts were simp le such as new foods he had introduced in an attempt to impress the subjugated Irish kings at a lavish dinner. He also effectively pushed most Irish and Viking inhabitants out of Dublin22. Others were more fundamental to the Irish way of life. A more strict enforcement of the evolving Christian church form was to take place in Ireland where it had not been adopted.This was made possible because now the church could spread a uniform throughout a single Kingdom. The new form of the church was adopted by the Irish and has shaped the faith of the Irish ever since. Even later when the English reformed and become Protestant the Irish remained Catholic. 23 This fundamental divide has shaped traffic between Ireland and her authority to the current time. It is seen in the bitter relationship between the Catholic Irish res publica and the Protestant Northern Ireland, which remains part of Great Britain even now.This difference was a focal advert of the separation of the two in 1922 as many inhabitants Northern Ireland were of English backgrounds whose ancestors had settled there and been tweedy citizens. The concept of feudalism was spread after Henry departed, this would prove to be a source of discontent among the Irish for the remainder of their subjugation. Two English Lords were appointed by Henry, given lands which belonged to Irishmen. They established feudal regimes in their territories as the remaining Irish kings continued in their traditional fashion. 4 Eventually, despite strong semipolitical and physical opposition from the Irish, the concept was spread throughout the entire island and the plight of the Irish took full effect. The feature that the Irish, along with their customs and heritage, were thrown aside in order for the egos and greed of the Kings men to be pleasant is unsettling. The English portrayed the Irish as uncivil and barbaric, but to in reviewing the English behavior discussion of the natives a paradox is seen. Henry also began a lo ng and merciless neglect and exploitation of the Irish people and their land and crop rights.All Irish Kings and English Lords he had put in place had to pay a tax to him. The payment of this tax would become another focal point in English-Irish relations. The most evident example of this came in 1845-1847 when many Irish were forced to leave their homelands due to famine. The white potato vine famine caused over one million people to leave from 1847-1851 and the deaths of tens of thousands due to starvation. 25 The Irish ravening because they were forced to export their crops, such as corn, to England as a tax.In most years this left them with little more than potatoes to eat and when they did not grow the deprivation took its toll. If the taxes have been forgiven in these years the geological fault and death of over a million Irish could have been prevented. The Irish world was self-concerned and to an extent develop before the arrival of any foreign people, when power was fin ally returned to the Irish people in 1922 the entire landscape had changed. The distressing point in this fact is that the Irish had very little to do with shaping their country for over 800 years, instead it was shaped by the prerogatives of outsiders.The foreigners to settle in Ireland did also leave some positive marks such as key cities, trade partnerships, and the development of Irish nationalism. The most manifest sign of English influence today is that they remain the highest authority in Northern Ireland. If any lessons are to be learned from how the Irish handled the arrival of the Vikings and the English it is that a country divided against itself will fall. If they have worked together the fate of the Irish people, and Europe, would have been much different.

Bridger Teton

Bridger Teton theme Forest 12/03/2010 Conservation is the use and exploitation of the land in a sustainable way, or one might say to manage. conservation is the protection of the land that limits use, in order to maintain a pristine motive or to protect. After my query, I do believe that humans can rattling harvest forest resources in an environmentally friendly way. Does that mean we should? In my opinion, I think that each(prenominal) situation is different, based on the use of the land and what the condition of the land is that is trying to be used.In the shift of the Bridger Teton National forest, I do feel that it should be left in its natural state. For so galore(postnominal) years this land has been untouched, untamed and undiscovered. To take land of this nature for drilling, building roads and pipelines are non worth it. To the people of Wyoming it is more valuable than what you can get out of it from oil and gas. New engine room should allow other ways to give us f reedom for foreign oil. I really conception it was odd that the politicians were already calling Management Area 71 which does not scream environmentally friendly.In my research I did come across a reading that stated conservation was good in almost instances to keep wild life under control and allowed for controlled hunting. Im not sure if I can consider that environmentally friendly. Humans are changing the environment by fragmenting landscapes, and by removing species from their habitats. Preservation should remain for the Bridger Teton National Forest, and should only be preserved if and only if it is not maintaining a pristine condition on its own.

The analysis of the text “From: W.S.” Essay

The text under study is taken from the concur The Complete Short Stories of L.P. Hartley write by L.P. Hartley. Leslie Poles Hartley, an English novelist and the son of a solicitor was educated at Oxfords College and for more than xx years he was a fiction viewer for magazines. He wrote a lot of novels and made a great contribution to English fiction. W.S. was published posthumously in 1973. The genre chosen by the generator dictates the adoption of the certain style. The genre of this text is the short detective reputation.When we read this story, we learn everything from the author, so present we can observe the authors point of view. This excerpt is very interesting from the form of narrative it is not homogeneous because the narration is often interrupted by the inner monologues and by the elements of description. Because of the big come of much(prenominal) elements, the form of narration is descriptive. in like manner we can observe non-personal direct speech. The main character of the story Walter Streeter gets one after another four postcards with messages from anonymous and starts thinking them over. His reaction on these postcards changes from the first to the conk one. At first he was glad not to answer because he had a lot of things to do and the answering on much(prenominal) postcards required too much time and energy.But he was blow out of the water and astonished round it, so he got rid of the first and the second one. Moreover, these postcards lingered in his mind and he pondered over the anonymous. He couldnt understand who it was a woman or a man because the deal and style of writing were extremely different. If the first postcard was about Walter Streeters personal features of character about his grip with people, the second one told that he was on the border of several(prenominal)thing. Walter Streeter had the difficulties with his work and he needed a new source of inspiration. After the receiving the third postcard he pai d an attention on the initials of the s peculiarityer. They were like his own. Walter Streeter even thought that it was he by his own who sent these postcards. The man went to his friend to bespeak for advice and after the conversation he felt reassured for a moment. He thought that it was a woman, who had in some way taken a fancy to him and she was a lunatic. Walter Streeter couldnt destroy this postcard as the previous one, because they became the hint factor in his life. But after the fourth postcard the wave of panic surged in him and he even wanted to go to the police to protect himself.The author depicts very peculiar characters. The main hoagie is Walter Streeter, a novelist. While reading this excerpt we get the information about him and it may be verbalize that the author tries to thrust his opinion on the readers. We feel some sympathy to Walter Streeter from the authors descriptions. some some features of this character we learn only from these anonymous postcards. Mr. Streeter is usually friendly but sometimes critical. He is interested in Scotland and cathedrals. This man is conscientious, he is not a man to experiment with acquaintances and he is pitch to escape into an ambiguous world, where the conscious mind didnt have things too much its own way. These facts we retire from some inner monologues, thoughts and feelings which are imperceptibly interwoven with the narration.The author uses such device for us to demote understand this particular character and to show his full portrait. The next character is W.S. Only from the very end of the story we find out that W.S. is William Stainsforth, the character of Walter Streeter book. Walter Streeter didnt endow him with some good features he got some fun of this character and made him just nasty as he could. While writing the book about W.S., Mr. Streeter unloaded all his self-dislike on him. So W.S. decided to kill his creator. The author uses a graduation to create tenser atmosphere and to show that W.S. is coming nearer to Walter Streeter. This gradation can be observed in the end of the text of the postcards with word handshake. From the first till the last the handshakes were A handshake, a profligate handshake, a hearty handshake, a hard handshake.It shows the significance of these postcards. This extract is full of stylistic devices. basic of all, there are many interrogative sentences and it shows the hesitation and anxiety of the character. We can observe here such stylistic devices as zeugma took up the time and energy, metonomy faint strings of curiosity, personification exploitation pains, periphrasis conscious mind, little mouse-like creature, poison pens, a lot of examples of inversion. Also the author uses a lot of anaphoras. It is used widely to improve emphasis on some facts maybe they didnt have their feet on the ground. Perhaps he was ready to escape Another type of repetition which is called anadiplosis is used into an ambiguous world, a world where the consciousBesides we can meet such epithets in the text November fire, other-wordly, handshake from W.S. some metaphors such as fruitful conflict, Ive been re-reading your novels, living in them, a borderline case, lingered in mind. A beautiful antithesis as perfection of ordinariness doesnt let us calm to Walters style. As we see the wrangle of the writer is very rich and full of various kinds of stylistic devices. It makes the story vivid, bright, interesting and picturesque. In close I want to say, that this story tells us about the life of writer but it is unusual because of its surreptitious detective plot. This story was interesting for me because of exciting plot, specific characters, incomprehensible end and lively language of the writer.